![]() Evidence from the Amazon, however, suggests that mining is a distinguishing element of local deforestation patterns. Recent research and public discourse prominently feature the deforestation impacts of the timber and oil palm industries, small-scale agriculture, as well as infrastructure development, while the role of the mining industry has largely been sidelined. Indonesia’s natural capital further comprises major mineral resource reserves making it an important producer and exporter of coal, copper, gold, tin and nickel. In the past 20 years, it experienced an unparalleled soar in forest loss, ranging between 7,000 and 24,000 square kilometres per year and accounting for more than half of total deforestation in Southeast Asia. Indonesia, classified as a ‘megadiverse’ country, contains much of the remaining tropical rainforest of the Asian continent. It fuels climate change by depleting carbon stocks, deepens the biodiversity crisis through habitat fragmentation and entails mounting pollution of air and water. Tropical deforestation has extensive and enduring environmental implications.
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